ผู้ใช้:Phaisit16207/บทความ/ยุทธการที่เล็กซิงตันและคองคอร์ด
ยุทธการที่เล็กซิงตันและคอนคอร์ด | |||||||
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ส่วนหนึ่งของ สงครามปฏิวัติอเมริกา | |||||||
การพรรณนาถึงยุทธการที่เล็กซิงตันโดยวิลเลียม บาร์นส์ วอลเลน, ค.ศ. 1910 | |||||||
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คู่สงคราม | |||||||
อ่าวแมสซาชูเซตส์ | บริเตนใหญ่ | ||||||
ผู้บังคับบัญชาและผู้นำ | |||||||
จอห์น พาร์กเกอร์ เจมส์ บาร์เรตต์ จอห์น บัตต์ริกค์ จอห์น โรบินสัน วิลเลียม เฮลต์ โจเซฟ วาร์เรน ไอแซก เดวิส † |
ฟรานซิส สมิธ จอห์น พิตเคิร์น (ได้รับบาดเจ็บในขณะปฎิบัติหน้าที่) ฮูล เพอร์ซี | ||||||
กำลัง | |||||||
เล็กซิงตัน: 77 นาย[1] คอนคอร์ด: 400 นาย[2] สิ้นสุดการรบ: 3,960 นาย[3] |
ออกเดินทางจากบอสตัน: 700 นาย[4] เล็กซิงตัน: 400 นาย[5] คอนคอร์ด: 100 นาย[6] สิ้นสุดการรบ: 1,500 นาย[7] | ||||||
ความสูญเสีย | |||||||
เสียชีวิต 49 ราย บาดเจ็บ 39 ราย สูญหาย 5 ราย[8] |
เสียชีวิต 73 ราย บาดเจ็บ 174 ราย สูญหาย 53 ราย[8] |
ยุทธการที่เล็กซิงตันและคอนคอร์ด (อังกฤษ: Battles of Lexington and Concord) เป็นการสู้รบทางการทหารครั้งแรกในสงครามปฏิวัติอเมริกา[9] ยุทธการนี้เกิดขึ้นเมื่อวันที่ 19 เมษายน ค.ศ. 1775 ในเทศมณฑลมิดเดลเซ็กส์, จังหวัดอ่าวแมสซาชูเซตส์ ภายในเมืองเล็กซิงตัน, คอนคอร์ด, ลินคอล์น, เมโนโทมี (ในปัจจุบันคืออาร์ลิงตัน) และเคมบริดจ์ ยุทธการเหล่านี้เป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของความขัดแย้งทางอาวุธระหว่างราชอาณาจักรบริเตนใหญ่และสิบสามอาณานิคมในทวีปอเมริกา
ในปลาย ค.ศ. 1774 ผู้นำอาณานิคมยอมรับการลงมติซัฟฟอล์ก ในการต่อต้านการเปลี่ยนแปลงที่ทำกับรัฐบาลอาณานิคมแมสชาซูเซตส์โดยรัฐสภาบริเตน ภายหลังงานเลี้ยงน้ำชาที่บอสตัน สมัชชาแห่งอาณานิคมจึงตอบโต้ด้วยการจัดตั้งรัฐบาลชั่วคราวของผู้รักชาติขึ้น ที่รู้จักกันในชื่อว่า สภาแห่งจังหวัดแมสซาชูเซตส์ และเรียกร้องให้ทหารกองหนุนในท้องถิ่นฝึกอบรมการสู้รบที่อาจจะเกิดขึ้น The Colonial government exercised effective control of the colony outside of British-controlled Boston. In response, the British government in February 1775 declared Massachusetts to be in a state of rebellion.
About 700 British Army regulars in Boston, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were given secret orders to capture and destroy Colonial military supplies reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Through effective intelligence gathering, Patriot leaders had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations. On the night before the battle, warning of the British expedition had been rapidly sent from Boston to militias in the area by several riders, including Paul Revere and Samuel Prescott, with information about British plans. The initial mode of the Army's arrival by water was signaled from the Old North Church in Boston to Charlestown using lanterns to communicate "one if by land, two if by sea".
The first shots were fired just as the sun was rising at Lexington. Eight militiamen were killed, including Ensign Robert Munroe, their third in command.[10] The British suffered only one casualty. The militia was outnumbered and fell back, and the regulars proceeded on to Concord, where they broke apart into companies to search for the supplies. At the North Bridge in Concord, approximately 400 militiamen engaged 100 regulars from three companies of the King's troops at about 11:00 am, resulting in casualties on both sides. The outnumbered regulars fell back from the bridge and rejoined the main body of British forces in Concord.
The British forces began their return march to Boston after completing their search for military supplies, and more militiamen continued to arrive from the neighboring towns. Gunfire erupted again between the two sides and continued throughout the day as the regulars marched back towards Boston. Upon returning to Lexington, Lt. Col. Smith's expedition was rescued by reinforcements under Brigadier General Hugh Percy, a future Duke of Northumberland styled at this time by the courtesy title Earl Percy. The combined force of about 1,700 men marched back to Boston under heavy fire in a tactical withdrawal and eventually reached the safety of Charlestown. The accumulated militias then blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the siege of Boston.
Ralph Waldo Emerson describes the first shot fired by the Patriots at the North Bridge in his "Concord Hymn" as the "shot heard round the world".[11]
อ้างอิง
[แก้]เชิงอรรถ
[แก้]- ↑ The exact number of militia on the Lexington common when the clash occurred is a matter of debate. Coburn, p. 165–67, identifies 77 individuals by name who mustered for the encounter, but he also notes that no official roll was ever submitted to the Provincial Congress. Fischer, pp. 400, 183, cites contemporaneous accounts and those of other historians that put the number between 50 and 70 militia, but notes that Sylvanus Wood, in an account taken 50 years later, recalled only counting 38 militia.
- ↑ Chidsey, p. 29, estimates the colonial force at 500 by the time the confrontation occurred at the North Bridge. Coburn, pp. 80–81, counts about 300 specifically, plus several uncounted companies.
- ↑ The peak strength of militias that massed around the British column on April 19 is uncertain. Many of the militiamen who joined the battle at various locations during the day continued to follow the British column all the way to Charlestown, but some also dropped out and returned home. Coburn located muster rolls for 79 militia and minute companies engaged that day, listing 3,960 officers and soldiers in all. But there are no tallies for six of these companies, and some units known to be present during the day (such as the Lincoln militia company) are not included at all.
- ↑ Chidsey, p. 6. This is the total size of Smith's force.
- ↑ Coburn, p. 64. This force is six light infantry companies under Pitcairn.
- ↑ Coburn, p. 77 and other sources indicate "three companies". Chidsey, p. 28 gives a company size "nominally of 28".
- ↑ Coburn, p. 114 gives the size of Percy's force at 1,000. This count reflects that estimate plus the departing strength, less casualties.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Chidsey, p. 47, cites all casualty figures except missing-in-action. Coburn, pp. 156–59, cites by town and name the American losses, and by company the British losses, including missing-in-action (from Gage's report). Chidsey, Coburn, and Fischer disagree on some American counts: Chidsey and Fischer count 39 wounded, Coburn says 42. Fischer, pp. 320–21, also records 50 American killed-in-action, in contrast to Chidsey and Coburn's 49.
- ↑ French, pp. 2, 272-273. A controversial interpretation holds that the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774, in what is now West Virginia was the initial military engagement of the Revolutionary War, and a 1908 United States Senate resolution designating it as such. However, few historians subscribe to this interpretation, even in West Virginia.[1]
- ↑ "Captain Parker's Company of Militia". The Lexington Minute Men. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 12, 2018.
- ↑ Emerson's Concord Hymn
บรรณานุกรม
[แก้]- Anderson, Fred (1984). A People's Army: Massachusetts Soldiers & Society in the Seven Years War. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4576-9.
- Bradford, Charles H (1996). The Battle Road: Expedition to Lexington and Concord. Eastern National. ISBN 1-888213-01-9.
- Burke, Edmund (1775). Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, March 22, 1775. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 2, 2015.
- Chidsey, Donald Barr (1966). The Siege of Boston: An on-the-scene Account of the Beginning of the American Revolution. New York: Crown. OCLC 890813.
- Coburn, Frank Warren (1922). The Battle of April 19, 1775: In Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Arlington, Cambridge, Somerville, and Charlestown, Massachusetts: Second Edition Revised and with Additions. The Lexington historical society. OCLC 2494350.
- Dana, Elizabeth Ellery (1924). The British in Boston: Being the Diary of Lieutenant John Barker of the King's Own Regiment from November 15, 1774 to May 31, 1776. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. OCLC 3235993.
- Daughan, George C. (2018). Lexington and Concord: The Battle Heard Round the World. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 978-0393245745.
- Davis, Kenneth C. (2009). America's Hidden History. London: Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-111819-7.
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo (1837). "Emerson's Concord Hymn". National Park Service. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ July 9, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ October 2, 2008.
- Emerson, Ralph Waldo; Curtis, George William (1875). Proceedings at the Centennial Celebration of Concord Fight, April 19, 1875. Town of Concord. OCLC 4363293.
- Evelyn, W. Glanville (1879). Memoirs and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn. Oxford: James Parker and Co. ISBN 9781429017428.
- Fischer, David Hackett (1994). Paul Revere's Ride. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-508847-6. This book is extensively footnoted, and contains a voluminous list of primary resources concerning all aspects of these events.
- Ford, Gerald R. (April 19, 1975). "Remarks at the Old North Bridge, Concord, Massachusetts". The American Presidency Project. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ September 28, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ September 22, 2008.
- French, Allen (1926). A British Fusilier in Revolutionary Boston. Harvard University Press.
- French, Allen (1925). The Day of Concord and Lexington. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 9780598832825.
- French, Allen (1932). General Gage's Informers. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
- Frothingham, Jr, Richard (1903). History of the Siege of Boston and of the Battles of Lexington, Concord, and Bunker Hill. Little and Brown. OCLC 221368703.
- Galvin, Gen. John R. The Minute Men: The First Fight: Myths & Realities of the American Revolution, Pergamon-Brassey's, Washington, D.C., 1989. ISBN 0-08-036733-X. This book provides a military perspective on the battle and its leaders.
- Hafner, Donald L. (2006). "The First Blood Shed in the Revolution". Boston College. สืบค้นเมื่อ March 31, 2015.
- Hurd, Duane Hamilton (1890). History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts, Volume 1: With Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. J. W. Lewis & co. OCLC 2155461.
- Journals of the Continental Congress, Vol. II, May 10-September 20, 1775. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1905.
- Journals of the House of Commons, Volume 35. 1775.
- Kifner, John (April 20, 1975). "160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford". The New York Times.
- Lister, Jeremy (1931). Concord fight, being so much of the narrative of Ensign Jeremy Lister of the 10th regiment of foot as pertains to his services on the 19th of April, 1775, and to his experiences in Boston during the early months of the siege. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
- Massachusetts Provincial Congress (1775). A Narrative of the Excursion and Ravages of the King's Troops. Worcester: Isaiah Thomas.
- Moore, Frank (1876). The Diary of the Revolution: A Centennial Volume. Hartford, CT: J.B. Burr Publishing.
- Morrissey, Brendan (1995). Boston 1775. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-362-1.
- Moulton, Martha. "Martha Moulton's testimony and reward, 4 Feb 1776" (PDF). National Park Service. สืบค้นเมื่อ December 21, 2007.
- Napierkowski, Marie Rose; Ruby, Mary K (1998). Poetry for Students: Presenting Analysis, Context and Criticism on Commonly Studied Poetry. Gale Research. ISBN 978-0-7876-2724-9.
- Philbrick, Nathaniel (2013). Bunker Hill. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-02544-2.
- Quarles, Benjamin (1996). The Negro in the American Revolution. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4603-1.
- Raphael, Ray and Marie Raphael (2015). The Spirit of '74: How the American Revolution Began. New York: New Press.
- Revere, Paul (1798). Letter to Jeremy Belknap of January, 1798. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.
- Revere, Paul (1775). Deposition of April 1775. Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society.
- Shy, John (1990). A People Numerous & Armed. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-06431-1.
- Sawicki, James A. (1981). Infantry Regiments of the US Army. Dumfries, VA: Wyvern Publications. ISBN 978-0-9602404-3-2.
- Smith, Samuel Abbot (1874). West Cambridge 1775. Arlington, MA: Arlington Historical Society.
- Tourtellot, Arthur B (1959). Lexington and Concord. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-00194-6.
- Urban, Mark (2007). Fusiliers: Eight Years with the Red Coats in America. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-22486-9. OCLC 153556036.
- "Maine Legal Holidays". Human Resources Policy and Practices Manual. Maine Bureau of Human Resources. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ February 21, 2009. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 25, 2009.
- "Massachusetts Legal Holidays". Citizen Information Service. Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. สืบค้นเมื่อ February 25, 2009.
- "Minute Man NHP Things To Do". National Park Service. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ December 9, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ November 3, 2008.
- "NPS Museum Collections "American Revolutionary War": Riflemen". Valley Forge National Historical Park. National Park Service Museum Collections. เก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ May 24, 2007. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 19, 2007.
- "None". Time. April 28, 1975. คลังข้อมูลเก่าเก็บจากแหล่งเดิมเมื่อ December 9, 2008. สืบค้นเมื่อ April 11, 2008.
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